Apollo (crater)
 Oblique Lunar Orbiter 5 image | |
| Coordinates | 36°06′S 151°48′W / 36.1°S 151.8°W |
|---|---|
| Diameter | 537 km[1] |
| Colongitude | 161° at sunrise |
| Eponym | Project Apollo |
Apollo, also called the Apollo basin, is an enormous impact crater located in the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. This formation dwarfs the large crater Oppenheimer that is located next to the western rim. The crater Barringer lies across the northern wall. To the southeast is the crater Anders, and Kleymenov is just to the east of the rim.
Apollo is a double-ringed walled plain (or basin) whose inner ring is roughly half the diameter of the outer wall. Both the outer wall and the interior have been heavily worn and eroded by subsequent impacts, so that significant parts of the outer and inner walls now consist of irregular and incised sections of mountainous arcs.
The interior floor is covered in a multitude of craters of various sizes, some of which have been named for people associated with the Apollo program or other NASA projects.
Sections of Apollo's interior have been resurfaced with lava, leaving patches of the floor with a lower albedo than the surroundings. There is a large patch of this lunar mare in the middle part of the inner ring, which contains some ray system markings. A long stretch of the mare lies along the southern part of the crater. There is also a smaller section near the western rim.
Prior to formal naming in 1970 by the IAU,[2] the crater was known as Basin XVI.[3]
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Topographic map -
Gravity map based on GRAIL
Interior craters[edit]
Three craters are named after the crew of Apollo 8. In the southeast part of Apollo is Borman crater, named after commander Frank Borman. Near the southeastern margin of Apollo is Anders crater, named after William Anders. On the eastern margin is Lovell crater, named after Jim Lovell.
Many craters within and adjacent to the Apollo impact have been named to honor deceased NASA employees.
Dryden is attached to the west-northwestern exterior of the inner ring. Chaffee is a similar-sized crater that lies partly across the southwest section of the inner ring. Inside the inner ring are the craters Resnik, McAuliffe and Onizuka, and the Jarvis–McNair crater pair. The crater Smith lies across the northern part of the inner ring.
In 2006 the IAU approved a proposal to name seven interior craters to honor the astronauts killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.[4][5]
| Crater | Coordinates | Diameter | Name source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chawla | 42°48′S 147°30′W / 42.8°S 147.5°W | 15 km | Kalpana Chawla |
| D. Brown | 42°00′S 147°12′W / 42.0°S 147.2°W | 15 km | David McD. Brown |
| Husband | 40°48′S 147°54′W / 40.8°S 147.9°W | 29 km | Richard D. Husband |
| L. Clark | 43°42′S 147°42′W / 43.7°S 147.7°W | 16 km | Laurel B. S. Clark |
| McCool | 41°42′S 146°18′W / 41.7°S 146.3°W | 21 km | William C. McCool |
| M. Anderson | 41°36′S 149°00′W / 41.6°S 149.0°W | 17 km | Michael P. Anderson |
| Ramon | 41°36′S 148°06′W / 41.6°S 148.1°W | 17 km | Ilan Ramon |
Three of the crater names include the respective astronaut's first initials to distinguish them from the existing craters called Anderson, Brown and Clark.
Robotic exploration[edit]
China launched the Chang'e 6 robotic mission on 3 May 2024, which seeks to return the first lunar sample from the Apollo Basin on the far side of the Moon.[6] This is China's second lunar sample return mission, the first was the Chang'e 5 mission that returned lunar samples from the near side of the Moon four years earlier.[7] The Chang'e 6 lander also carried a rover named Yidong Xiangji which conducted infrared spectroscopy of the landing site and imaged the Chang'e 6 lander on the lunar surface.[8] The lander-ascender-rover combination separated from the orbiter and returner before landing in the southern mare of the Apollo basin on 1 June 2024 at 22:23 UTC; its precise landing location is near lunar coordinates 41°38′18″S 153°59′08″W / 41.6383°S 153.9856°W[9][10][11][12] After the probe collected far-side regolith samples and placed it on the ascender, the latter probe segment launched back into lunar orbit on 3 June 2024 at 23:38 UTC. The ascender docked with the Chang'e 6 service module (the orbiter) in lunar orbit at 06:48 UTC on 6 June 2024 and subsequently completed the transfer of the sample container to the Earth return module at 07:24 UTC on the same day.[13] The atmospheric re-entry module is anticipated to land in Inner Mongolia with the collected samples on 25 June 2024.[13]
References[edit]
- ^ Don E. Wilhelms & Charles J. Byrne (23 January 2009). "Stratigraphy of Lunar Craters". Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ Apollo, Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)
- ^ Lunar Farside Chart (LFC-1A)
- ^ Blue, Jennifer (2006-07-27). "Names for the Columbia astronauts provisionally approved". USGS Astrogeology. Archived from the original on 30 June 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-08.
- ^ Blue, Jennifer (2006-08-30). "Provisional Names Approved". USGS. Archived from the original on 2006-10-09. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
- ^ Andrew Jones [@AJ_FI] (April 25, 2023). "China's Chang'e-6 sample return mission (a first ever lunar far side sample-return) is scheduled to launch in May 2024, and expected to take 53 days from launch to return module touchdown. Targeting southern area of Apollo basin (~43º S, 154º W)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ Jones, Andrew (10 January 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
- ^ Jones, Andrew (6 May 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
- ^ "大陸「嫦娥六號」明年5月發射 擬帶回月球背面岩石採樣" (in Traditional Chinese). 聯合報. 25 April 2023. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
- ^ 我不是孤独- (7 June 2024). "Weibo" (in Simplified Chinese). Weibo. Archived from the original on 8 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ Jones, Andrew (1 June 2024). "Chang'e-6 lands on far side of the moon to collect unique lunar samples". SpaceNews. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ^ Seger Yu [@SegerYu] (June 1, 2024). "落月时刻 2024-06-02 06:23:15.861" (Tweet) (in Chinese) – via Twitter.
- ^ a b Jones, Andrew (6 June 2024). "Chang'e-6 spacecraft dock in lunar orbit ahead of journey back to Earth". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 8 June 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
- Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097.
- Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
- Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.
- Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.
- McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
- Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". Space Science Reviews. 12 (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855.
- Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.
- Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.
- Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.
External links[edit]
Media related to Apollo (crater) at Wikimedia Commons
