Portal:Telephones

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The Telephones Portal

A telephone is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be easily heard directly. A telephone converts sound, typically and most efficiently the human voice, into electronic signals that are transmitted via cables and other communication channels to another telephone which reproduces the sound to the receiving user. The term is derived from Greek: τῆλε (tēle, far) and φωνή (phōnē, voice), together meaning distant voice. A common short form of the term is phone, which came into use early in the telephone's history.

In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be granted a United States patent for a device that produced clearly intelligible replication of the human voice at a second device. This instrument was further developed by many others, and became rapidly indispensable in business, government, and in households. (Full article...)

A mobile phone (or cellphone) is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area, as opposed to a fixed-location phone (landline phone). The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the switching systems of a mobile phone operator, which provides access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Modern mobile telephone services use a cellular network architecture, and therefore mobile telephones are called cellphones (or "cell phones") in North America. In addition to telephony, digital mobile phones support a variety of other services, such as text messaging, multimedia messaging, email, Internet access (via LTE, 5G NR or Wi-Fi), short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), satellite access (navigation, messaging connectivity), business applications, payments (via NFC), multimedia playback and streaming (radio, television), digital photography, and video games. Mobile phones offering only basic capabilities are known as feature phones (slang: "dumbphones"); mobile phones that offer greatly advanced computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones. (Full article...)

A smartphone (often simply called a phone) is a mobile device that combines the functionality of a traditional mobile phone with advanced computing capabilities. It typically has a touchscreen interface, allowing users to access a wide range of applications and services, such as web browsing, email, and social media, as well as multimedia playback and streaming. Smartphones have built-in cameras, GPS navigation, and support for various communication methods, including voice calls, text messaging, and internet-based messaging apps. (Full article...)

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Tip and ring are the two conductors or sides of a telephone line. Their names are derived from the telephone plugs used for connecting telephone calls in manual switchboards. One side of the line is connected to the metal tip of the plug, and the second is connected to a metal ring behind the tip, separated and insulated from the tip by a non-conducting material. When inserted into a jack, the plug's tip conductor connects first, followed by the ring conductor. In many European countries, tip and ring are referred to as the A and B wires.

Neither of the tip and ring conductors is permanently connected to earth ground, but may be connected to ground during signaling operations. Typically, the ring conductor has a direct current (DC) potential of −48V to −52V with respect to the tip conductor when the line is in the on-hook (idle) state. Floating both conductors, not referencing either one to ground, minimizes the pickup of hum from any nearby alternating current (AC) power wires. (Full article...)

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The Reis telephone was an invention named after Philipp Reis of a telephone-like device he constructed. Reis's first successful work is dated to October 1861. It was the first device to transmit a voice via electronic signals and for that the first modern telephone. Reis also coined the term. (Full article...)

List of phone types
Payphone Courtesy telephone Emergency telephone Secure telephone Smartphone Mobile phone Satellite phone Phablet Car phone Windows Phone Camera phone Feature phone VoIP phone iPhone Tin can telephone Sound-powered telephone Grillo telephone Golden telephone Cordless telephone Shoe phone Field telephone IBM Simon Mobile radio telephone Foldable smartphone Modular smartphone Prepaid mobile phone

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Example of a North American busy signal

Listen to a busy signal from North America.

Example of an old North American busy signal

Listen to a busy signal from North America used prior to 1980.

Example of a European busy signal

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Example of a French busy signal

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Example of a United Kingdom busy signal

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A busy signal (or busy tone or engaged tone) in telephony is an audible call-progress tone or audible signal to the calling party that indicates failure to complete the requested connection of that particular telephone call. (Full article...)

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The following are images from various telephone-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1A Moto G7 Power; its display uses a tall aspect ratio and includes a "notch". (from Smartphone)
Image 2A high-capacity portable battery charger (power bank) (from Smartphone)
Image 3Optical track pad sensor of an HTC Legend, 2010. (from Smartphone)
Image 4A sign along Bellaire Boulevard in Southside Place, Texas (Greater Houston) states that using mobile phones while driving is prohibited from 7:30 am to 9:00 am and from 2:00 pm to 4:15 pm. (from Smartphone)
Image 5Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the invention of the telephone in 1876. (from History of the telephone)
Image 6Scrapped mobile phones (from Mobile phone)
Image 7This layout of the camera viewfinder was first introduced by Apple with iOS 7 in 2013. Towards the late 2010s, several other smartphone vendors have ditched their layouts and implemented variations of this layout. (from Smartphone)
Image 8Thomas Edison invented the carbon microphone which produced a strong telephone signal. (from History of the telephone)
Image 9Mobile/desktop convergence: the Librem 5 smartphone can be used as a basic desktop computer (from Smartphone)
Image 10Top of cellular telephone tower (from History of the telephone)
Image 11A text message (SMS) (from Mobile phone)
Image 12People using phones while walking (from Mobile phone)
Image 13The back of a Huawei P30. It features three rear-facing camera lenses with Leica optics. (from Smartphone)
Image 14A French Gower telephone of 1912 at the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris (from History of the telephone)
Image 15Inserted memory and SIM cards (from Smartphone)
Image 16Smartphone with infrared transmitter on top for use as remote control (from Smartphone)
Image 17E-waste in Agbogbloshie (from Smartphone)
Image 18Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants. 2014 figure is estimated. (from Mobile phone)
Image 19Historical marker commemorating the first telephone central office in New York State (1878) (from History of the telephone)
Image 20A 19th century acoustic tin can or "lovers' telephone" (from History of the telephone)
Image 21Active mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants (from Mobile phone)
Image 22Elisha Gray, 1876, designed a telephone using a water microphone in Highland Park, Illinois. (from History of the telephone)
Image 23A driver using two handheld mobile phones at once (from Mobile phone)
Image 24
Bell prototype telephone stamp
Centennial Issue of 1976
(from History of the telephone)
Image 25Two decades of evolution of mobile phones, from a 1992 Motorola 8900X-2 to the 2014 iPhone 6 Plus (from Mobile phone)
Image 26Antonio Meucci, 1854, constructed telephone-like devices. (from History of the telephone)
Image 27The HTC Desire, a 2010 smartphone with optical trackpad and search button (from Smartphone)
Image 28Android smartphones (from Mobile phone)
Image 29Private conversation, 1910 (from History of the telephone)
Image 30A Meizu MX4 with Flyme OS (from Smartphone)
Image 31Dupuis and Haug during a GSM meeting in Belgium, April 1992 (from Mobile phone)
Image 32Mobile payment system (from Mobile phone)
Image 33Several BlackBerry smartphones, which were highly popular in the mid-late 2000s (from Smartphone)
Image 34The original Apple iPhone; following its introduction the common smartphone form factor shifted to large touchscreen software interfaces without physical keypads (from Smartphone)
Image 35Tooltip in Kiwi Browser, a Google Chromium derivative, reveals the full URL by hovering over the tab list using the stylus on a Samsung Galaxy Note 4. (from Smartphone)
Image 36Antonio Meucci's telephone. (from History of the telephone)
Image 37The LG Prada with a large capacitive touchscreen introduced in 2006 (from Smartphone)
Image 38Old Receiver schematic, c.1906 (from History of the telephone)
Image 39A sign in the US restricting cell phone use to certain times of day (no cell phone use between 7:30–9:00 am and 2:00–4:15 pm) (from Mobile phone)
Image 40Martin Cooper of Motorola, shown here in a 2007 reenactment, made the first publicized handheld mobile phone call on a prototype DynaTAC model on 3 April 1973. (from Mobile phone)
Image 41Tivadar Puskás proposed the telephone switchboard exchange in 1876. (from History of the telephone)
Image 42Mobile payment system. (from Smartphone)
Image 43The back of a Nokia 9 PureView. It features a five-lens camera array with Zeiss optics, using a mixture of color and monochrome sensors. (from Smartphone)
Image 44A Samsung Galaxy S20 Plus, featuring a "hole-punch" camera (from Smartphone)
Image 45A user consulting a mapping app on a phone (from Smartphone)
Image 46The Nokia 9110 Communicator, opened for access to keyboard (from Smartphone)
Image 47"Device options" menu of Samsung Mobile's TouchWiz user interface as of 2013, accessed by holding the power button for a second (from Smartphone)
Image 48Philipp Reis, 1861, constructed the first telephone, today called the Reis telephone. (from History of the telephone)
Image 49A smartphone touchscreen (from Smartphone)
Image 50Cellular networks work by only reusing radio frequencies (in this example frequencies f1-f4) in non adjacent cells to avoid interference (from Mobile phone)
Image 51Typical mobile phone mini-SIM card (from Mobile phone)
Image 521896 Telephone (Sweden) (from History of the telephone)
Image 53Actor portraying Alexander Graham Bell in a 1932 silent film. Shows Bell's second telephone transmitter (microphone), invented 1876 and first displayed at the Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia. (from History of the telephone)
Image 54A New York City driver holding two phones (from Smartphone)
Image 55Apple iPhone smartphone (from History of the telephone)
Image 56A German rotary dial telephone, the W48 (from History of the telephone)
Image 57The Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. In 1983, it became the first commercially available handheld cellular mobile phone. (from Mobile phone)
Image 58IBM Simon and charging base (1994) (from Smartphone)
Image 59The master telephone patent granted to Bell, 174465, March 10, 1876 (from History of the telephone)
Image 60A smartphone displaying the homepage of the English Wikipedia (from Smartphone)
Image 61Personal Handy-phone System mobiles and modems, 1997–2003 (from Mobile phone)
Image 621917 wall telephone, open to show magneto and local battery (from History of the telephone)

Selected biography

"A shirt pocket phone to call anyone in the world, at any time" - George Harry Sweigert, The Plain Dealer (June 1966)

George H. Sweigert (1920–1999) is credited as the first inventor to patent the cordless telephone.

Born in Akron, Ohio, Sweigert served five years in the US Army as a radio operator in World War II in Guadalcanal, Bougainville, Fiji and New Georgia assigned to the 145th Headquarters Company under the 37th Infantry Division (United States). Following the war, Sweigert attended Bowling Green State University near Toledo, Ohio.

Sweigert credited his military experience for invention of the cordless telephone, citing experimentation with various antennas, signal frequencies, and types of radios. (Full article...)

List of selected biographies
Alexander Graham Bell Thomas Edison Innocenzo Manzetti Charles Bourseul Johann Philipp Reis Antonio Meucci Tivadar Puskás Douglas H. Ring W. Rae Young Martin Cooper (inventor) Thomas Cowherd Gardiner Greene Hubbard Anthony Pollok Thomas A. Watson Elisha Gray Pat Fleet John Draper

Selected images

Image 1Push-button telephone
Image 2An example of a K6, the most common red telephone box model, photographed in London in 2012
Image 3Emergency telephones, on the Paris-Bordeaux railway line, Saint-Saviol station, Vienne, France
Image 4A Northern Electric telephone, model number N415H, circa 1950 (probably)
Image 5Automatic electric Rotary dial telephone
Image 6Mailbox and public telephone in Haßfurt, Germany
Image 7Telephone booth box art outside the Tower of London, 2012
Image 8A police box outside Earl's Court tube station in London, built in 1996 and based on the 1929 Gilbert Mackenzie Trench design
Image 9Wooden wall telephone with a hand-cranked magneto generator
Image 10A Bell Canada payphone with digital display
Image 11Foldable smartphones
Image 12A traditional North American rotary phone dial. The associative lettering was originally used for dialing named exchanges but was kept because it facilitated memorization of telephone numbers.
Image 13A Western Electric candlestick phone from the 1920s
Image 14Acoustic telephone ad, The Consolidated Telephone Co., Jersey City, New Jersey, 1886
Image 15A historic telephone booth in Skansen, Stockholm
Image 16Historical telephone with the German imperial eagle and the heraldic shield of the House of Hohenzollern dynasty; Vollmer's Mill, Seebach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Image 17Public telephone, Bucharest, Romania
Image 18A Funke + Huster telephone inside the Idrija Mine, Slovenia
Image 19Track-side emergency brake and emergency telephones at the platform of the metro station Aspern Nord, Donaustadt, Vienna, Austria
Image 20Photograph of the interior of the Prairie Grove Airlight Outdoor Telephone Booth in Prairie Grove, Arkansas, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places
Image 21Apple iPhones
Image 22Android smartphones
Image 23The AUTOVON was a worldwide American military telephone system that was built starting in 1963.
Image 24Rotary dial telephone, probably from Belgium; the circuit diagram inside is in Dutch and French
Image 25Rotary dial telephone, probably from Belgium; the circuit diagram inside is in Dutch and French
Image 26An Italian gettone telefonico (telephone token) from 1945, which was used in Italian phone booths
Image 27A cordless phone
Image 28Landline call blocking in use

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v t e Telephony
Types	Landline Cable telephony Mobile phone Satellite phone Photophone
Accessories	Answering machine Caller ID
Connectivity	Cable protection system Communications satellites Fibre-optical Free-space optical ISDN Mobile phone signal POTS PSTN Submarine cables VoIP
Calls	Missed call Misdialed call Nuisance call Phone tag
Applications	Fax transmission Telephone calls Telephone newspapers Théâtrophone Video calls
Telecommunication portal Telephones portal

v t e Emergency telephone numbers
Emergency telephone Harmonised service of social value
000 (Australia) 102 (India) 106 (Australia) 108 (India) 110 (Iran, Japan, China) 111 (New Zealand) 112 (Europe and others, worldwide GSM mobile networks) 119 (parts of Asia and Jamaica) 120 (China) 122 (Austria, Egypt, and Bosnia and Herzegovina) 123 (Colombia, Egypt) 128 (Mercosur member states) 190 (Brazil) 911 (Iraq, North America E-911 system, Philippines) 988 (North America Suicide & Crisis Lifeline) 999 (Bangladesh, UK and others) 1122 (Pakistan)
Telephones portal Telecommunication portal List article Category Wikimedia Commons